Project Guidelines

APPENDIX A: FILM REVIEW PROJECT GUIDELINES (General) I. Select an Appropriate Topic A. Relevant and Appropriate: Check the following websites for ideas: 1. http://www. sampsoncc. edu/staff/pwolf 2. http://www. apa. org/monitor B. Be Specific: Narrow general topics down! C. Researchable: Search http://www. nclive. org for â€Å"hits† II. Title page A. Title of Project B. Date C. Student’s Name D. Course Number E. Abstract (1-paragraph summary) III. Text or Body A. Five (5) Full Pages, typed (double-spaced, 12 point Times New Roman Font) B. APA Text Note Documentation Required! (Get help on my website! C. Review the Film: Informatively describe the disorder/issue â€Å"raised† in the film. D. Apply appropriate Psychological 1. Theories (Psychodynamic, Behavioral, etc. ) 2. Studies (case/experimental/correlational, etc. ) IV. Bibliography A. MINIMUM 5References 1. May use an encyclopedia a. Use only a specialized encyclopedia (i. e. psychiatry, psychology, etc. ) b. Avoid general ones (i. e. Wikipedia, World Book, Britannica, etc. ) 2. May use a textbook a. Abnormal Psychology b. Psychiatric Nursing 3. USE at least two or three of the following: a.Magazine, journal and/or newspaper articles b. Interviews c. Valid Internet sources, i. e. http://www. nclive. org http://www. ask. com B. List Sources in Alphabetical Order, by author’s last name (APA Style) C. Include Complete Bibliographic Information SPECIAL NOTES: . * Late projects will be subject to a 10 point per day penalty! * Late projects must be HAND DELIVERED to Mr. Wolf in his office, by the student. *Search for APA Text Note and Reference Page examples on my website: http://www. sampsoncc. edu/staff/wolf *Additional assistance available through SCC Student Support Services (Turoring)Appendix B: Detailed Project Guidelines: Abnormal Psychology Film Review [pic] In addition to their sheer entertainment value, popular movies often depict psychological disorders. There is certainly n o shortage of â€Å"Abnormal Psychology movies† available for viewing; however, many provide inaccurate portrayals of psychological behaviors, traits and disorders. This often leads to the public at large having a distorted view of what Psychopathology is or how Clinical Psychologists work. Remember from General Psychology, a major part of becoming a â€Å"critical thinker† is becoming a critical consumer of popular information.Your mission in this assignment is to choose a film with an abnormal psychological theme or issue, research the theme or issue portrayed in the film, and then carefully analyze how well or accurately you believe the movie presented the theme to the viewing audience. Instructions: 1. Choose a movie from the attached list. I have indicated which are available from the SCC Library. The remainder may be rented from Netflix, a local video store or perhaps borrowed from a friend or family member. 2. View the movie at least once). Even if you have seen the movie previously, watch it again. You will need to pay very close attention to hat is being portrayed and you should probably take some notes. They will come in handy later, as you write your paper. 3. Write a reaction/research paper using the following guidelines: a. In an opening paragraph (or two), summarize the plot of the movie. Remember, this is a summation; I don’t need a description of every scene. b. Find three to five internet articles that deal with the specific type of psychological disorder/issue portrayed in the movie (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Aversive Therapy, Insanity Defense, etc. ) and then write at least three pages on what you have learned from your internet research.You may also use your textbook as one of your sources, if you wish. Make sure to cite your sources in APA style, in the body of your paper and on your reference page. (See my website for examples) c. In the final portion of your paper, you will analyze (based upon your www. nclive. org internet research) how well you think the movie portrayed its abnormal psychological theme. You will do this by addressing the following questions: How did the depiction of __________ in the film compare to what you learned in doing your research? Do you believe the film to be of educational value to the general public regarding its psychological content?Was the subject matter treated in a humorous manner? If so, do you think this took away from the seriousness of the psychological disorder being depicted in the film (or did it help by making a serious point without â€Å"blowing the audience away†)? Which specific scenes (if any) in the film provided particular insight into the psychological disorder/issue being portrayed? Did you learn anything of value from viewing the film? (If so, what? ) Was the film entertaining to watch? Would you recommend the film to others? Why or why not? 4. Papers will be submitted, in class, on the assigned date.There will be a ten-point per day late penalty for papers turned in after that date. Papers are to be submitted in a two pocket report folder. In the left side pocket, place the internet articles used in your research. In the right side pocket, place your paper, which will include a title page, abstract page, text or body of report (5p), and reference page. 5. Papers should be word-processed in MS Word, double-spaced, using a 12-point Times New Roman font and should be at least eight (8) total pages in length if the directions, indicated above, are followed completely.The first section (see 3-a above) and last section (see 3-c above) of your paper will be your own words/opinion and will require no reference citations. HOWEVER, YOU WILL NEED TO CITE YOUR REFERENCES, APA STYLE, IN THE THREE PAGES OF RESEARCH (see 3-b above) WRITTEN FROM YOUR INTERNET SOURCES. NOT DOING SO WILL BE CONSIDERED PLAGIARISM AND WILL SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCE YOUR PAPER’S GRADE!! 6. Papers will be graded based upon the following rubri c: * Following directions (length, font, double-spacing, etc. ) 5pts. * Cover Sheet 5pts. * Abstract 5pts. * Film summation 10pts. * Research portion 50pts. Analysis of film 20pts. * Reference page 5pts. Total:100 7. Guidelines for APA-style (citations, abstract, reference page, etc. ) are attached. Further examples can be found on my website: http://www. sampsoncc. edu/staff/wolf 8. Films not included on the attached list may be used, BUT ONLY WITH PRIOR APPROVAL OF THE INSTRUCTOR. In preparing a paper in APA style, the following general guidelines should be followed. †¢ Font Selection Font size should be 12 points, with Times Roman being preferred. †¢ Line Spacing Double-space everything: title page, abstract, paper, and reference list. Margins and Indentations Leave one-inch margins at the left, right, top, and bottom of each page. Indent paragraphs five spaces using the â€Å"Tab† feature. †¢ Page Header The page header consists of a brief version of the pa per’s title (usually 2 or 3 words), followed by five spaces and then a page number. Starting with the title page, it appears in the upper-right corner of each page of your paper, including the reference page. Use the â€Å"Header† feature of your word-processing program to insert the header information. I. Title Page (or Cover sheet) (page 1) Name Title of ProjectPSY 281-0A Date II. Abstract Page The abstract follows the title page/cover sheet (it is page 2 of your paper) and is a one- paragraph summary of the content of your paper. The abstract should be no longer than 120 words. Because it is a summary of your project, it should be written after your paper is complete. Guidelines: Two lines below the page header, type the word, Abstract, and center it. Two lines below that, begin the paragraph, which should be unindented and double-spaced. III. Text (or Body) of Paper The text of your paper begins on page 3.The page header appears on the top line. Two spaces below th at, center the title. Two spaces below the title, the paper begins. Five pages, minimum, with text notes when citing research. IV. Reference Page The list of references used comes at the end of your paper and begins on a new page, continuing the numbers from the text of your paper. Two spaces below the page header, center the word, References. Two spaces below that, begin the first reference entry. The entries should be entered alphabetically by the author’s last name.If the author’s name is not given, alphabetize by the first major word of the title of the source, omitting A, An, or The. Each entry should start at the left margin; additional lines for that entry should be indented 5 spaces from the left margin. The reference page should be double- spaced. There are NUMEROUS sources on the internet for APA-style papers (besides my web site). One very good one is: http://owl. english. purdue. edu/handouts/research/r_apa. html Parenthetical Citation The APA system of cit ing sources indicates the author's last name and the date, in parentheses, within the text of your paper.A. A typical citation consists of the author's name and the year of publication. Example: Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). Use the last name only in both first and subsequent citations, except when there is more than one author with the same last name. In that case, use the last name and the first initial. B. If the author is named in the text of your paper, only the year is cited. Example: According to Irene Taylor (1990), the personalities of Charlotte and Emily. . C. If both the name of the author and the date are used in the text, parenthetical reference is not necessary. Example: In a 1989 article, Gould explains Darwin's most successful. . . D. When the reference is to a work by two authors, cite both names each time the reference appears. Example: This theory oft en has been used to explore patters of various insect mating (Alcock & Thornhill, 1983). –OR- Alcock and Thornhill (1983) also demonstrate †¦ E. When the reference is to a work by three to five authors, cite all the authors the first time the reference appears.After that, use the first author's last name followed by et al. (Which means â€Å"and others†). Example: This pattern has long plagued the internal politics of college administration in Texas (Douglas et al. , 1997). F. When the reference is to a film, begin with the director’s name followed by the year of the film’s release. Example: (Speilberg, 1989) G. When the reference is to a work by a corporate author, use the name of the organization as the author. Example: Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987).

Jeffrey Bezos

Most people believe a leader is either born or made. When it comes to Jeffrey Bezos, I believe it is a combination of the two. Bezos, founder of Amazon. com, was born into a family full of extraordinary people. Jeffrey’s step-father was a petroleum engineer and his grandfather was the manager of the Atomic Energy Commission’s operations office (Bezos, Ebsco). During his childhood, Jeff was intrigued by his surroundings, often finding ways to alter or enhance everyday items. The people and experiences throughout Bezos’ life have helped him become the successful CEO he is today.Jeff Bezos, born Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen, was born on January 12, 1964 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. After his parents split up, his mother raised him until he was two years old. In 1966, Miguel Bezos came into the picture. After his mother remarried, Jeff was legally adopted and took Miguel’s last name. (Bezos, Ebsco) Since a young age, Jeffrey Bezos has been intrigued by the way thi ngs work. At three years old, Jeff took a screwdriver to his crib, disassembling it into multiple parts. This trend continued when later down the road he built a burglar alarm with an electronic kit his grandfather had given him (Bezos, Encycl).Bezos’ grandfather, Lawrence Preston Gise, played a big part in who Jeff is today (Bezos, Ebsco). From age four to sixteen, Jeff would spend the summers living on his grandfather’s ranch in Cotulla, Texas (Brandt). Here, Jeff’s grandfather put him to work doing jobs such as fixing windmills and repairing pumps. Bezos’ grandfather used his background in working on space technology and missile defense systems to help spark Jeff’s interest in similar things (Bezos, Ebsco). But this was just the beginning. At age eight, Jeff was enrolled in a gifted program at his elementary school in Houston, Texas.Jeff used his intelligence to wow teachers with his knowledge of computers. While none of the teachers even knew h ow to use a computer, Jeff and some of his friends had managed to program one. A local author by the name of Julie Ray took interest in Bezos and featured him in her book, Turning on Bright Minds: A Parent Looks at Gifted Children in Texas. (Bezos, Ebsco) In 1978, Miguel Bezos was transferred to Miami, Florida where Jeff’s fascination with space began. Jeff went to Palmetto High School where he was already thinking out of the box for his time.Bezos hoped to one day become an astronaut on a shuttle that would take passengers from earth into outer space. (Bezos, Ebsco) Bezos graduated from Palmetto High School in 1982 where he was class valedictorian. Along with this honor, he received recognition from the Miami Herald for his academic excellence by winning the Silver Knight Award. Upon graduating high school, Bezos began running his own business with his then girlfriend before heading off to college. Jeff spent the summer establishing an educational summer camp for children. B ezos, Ebsco) In the fall of 1982, Jeff began studying at Princeton University in New Jersey. He graduated summa cum laude in 1986 with a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering (Bezos, Ebsco). After graduation, there were many opportunities awaiting Jeffrey Bezos. He proceeded to go to New York to work for Fitel, a company that allowed him to build a worldwide communications network for financial trading (Bezos, Encycl. ). Two years later, while Fitel was struggling, Bezos accepted a job with Bankers Trust Corporation.This new job opportunity allowed him to develop software applications for the company’s pension fund clients. Jeffrey moved among the rankings quickly at Bankers Trust; within 10 months he became the company’s youngest vice-president (Bezos, Ebsco). But shortly after, Bezos realized this company was not for him. The next move would prove important in Bezos’ path to becoming an up and coming entrepreneur. In 1990, Jeffrey Bezos was hired by Wall Street financial trading company, D. E. Shaw. Bezos’ duties at D. E. Shaw included looking for new investment opportunities in areas such as insurance, software, and internet.In 1992, Bezos proved he was capable of his role by securing â€Å"one of the most successful qualitative funds on Wall Street†. He was promoted to senior vice-president shortly after. (Bezos, Ebsco) While researching for new business opportunities in the internet sector, Bezos came across some data that would help him in his decision to develop Amazon. com. According to these numbers, the internet was growing at an exceedingly fast rate. Jeffrey decided it was a good time for his next big step. He quit his job in 1994 at D. E. Shaw and prepared to venture into the world of online retail. Bezos, Ebsco) Jeffrey Bezos began by looking into what products could be sold successfully in the online retail market. He composed a list and determined that books would be the best choic e. Bezos told Karen Southwick in October of 1996 that â€Å"there are 1. 5 million Eng lish-language books in print at any given time. If you take all languages worldwide, it’s about 3 million books active and in print. † Bezos knew from his computer background that an online sorting and organizing database to purchase books would catch on. (Bezos, Ebsco) Jeffrey and his wife Mackenzie packed up and headed for the west coast.Jeffrey chose to start his new conquest in Seattle, Washington. Seattle offered a large number of skilled workers and was located by the largest book distributing company in the United States (Bezos, Ebsco). After experimenting with different names, Bezos decided to name the company Amazon after the world’s largest river (Bezos, Encycl. ). Using money from investors, his savings, and his parents, Bezos launched Amazon. com in July of 1995 from his garage in Seattle. At the close of the first month, it is said that Bezos had received orders f rom customers in all fifty states.The large quantity of books available on the database as well as the new features available on the site enticed many customers. (Bezos, Ebsco) Bezos and his colleagues established features that would change internet shopping forever. Amazon was the first of its kind to offer one click-shopping, customer reviews, and e-mail order verification (Hoover’s). Bezos’ main focus of the site was customer satisfaction. Along with these new additions to the site, Amazon was also one of the first companies to encrypt credit card numbers, ensuring safe shopping for their customers (Bezos, Credo).Jeff Bezos helped familiarize the public with on-line shopping, and it quickly became as popular as a trip to the mall (Bezos, Ebsco). After attracting 3 million customers, Bezos decided to take Amazon public in 1997. Jeffrey Bezos quickly became one of the first internet billionaires (Bezos, Credo). In 1998, Amazon broadened their inventory and began selli ng new products in order to gain new customers. Along with books, Amazon. com began offering CDs, videos, electronics, clothing, toys, and games to its millions of customers worldwide (Bezos, Ebsco). In 1999, Amazon. om hit a huge milestone when its sales crossed the billion-dollar mark. During this same year, Jeffrey Bezos was named Time Magazine’s Person of the Year (Bezos, Ebsco). What once started as a small company in Bezos’ garage in Seattle had turned into the â€Å"world’s biggest everything store†. In 2000, Amazon. com teamed up with ToysRUs. com to launch a co-branded toy and video game store. However, this new partnership would not last long. Over the next few years, Amazon would dabble in an array of products. In 2002, Bezos began offering clothing sales from large retail stores such as the Gap, Nordstrom, and Land’s End.A few years later, in 2006, Amazon. com dabbled in online dry groceries. A year later the company began offering a fr esh delivery service for the Seattle area. (Hoovers) In 2007, Amazon expanded once again. Bezos introduced Amazon’s new electronic portable reader, the Kindle. By 2011, Amazon announced that they sell more e-books than printed books. Along with new items such as the Kindle, Amazon began offering products and services such as self-publishing, online advertising, e-commerce platform, hosting, and a co-branded credit card. (Hoovers) Today, Amazon. om has five international websites for Canada, France, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The company has an estimated 20 million customers in 160 countries across the world (Bezos, Credo). According to Hoover’s Quick Report, Amazon. com employs 56,200 employees as of 2011 at all of their sites. Amazon’s efficient operating model has allowed it to succeed despite downward pressure on prices. Offering low prices to their customers has been a key success to Amazon’s business strategy (Hoovers). As a Business Man agement major, there are many things one can learn from looking at Jeffrey Bezos’ life.He saw a business opportunity and did everything he could to make it work. Starting off in his garage in Seattle, Bezos turned Amazon. com into the world’s largest online store. Despite the many years of not turning profit, Bezos managed to make Amazon. com into the company it is today. By focusing on customer service, Jeffrey Bezos was able to appeal to new customers and keep the current ones satisfied. Works Cited Bezos, Jeff (1964-). (2010). In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. om/entry/heliconhe/bezos_jeff_1964 Bezos, Jeff. (2003). In Capstone Encyclopedia of Business. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/capstonebus/bezos_jeff Bezos, Jeff. (2004, Jan 1). Leaders of Information Age (Bio Ref Bank. Brandt, R. L. (2011, Oct 15). REVIEW — Birth of a Salesman — Behind the Rise o f Jeff Bezos and Amazon: Richard L. Brandt on the Founder’s Texas Roots, the Sites Chaotic Early Days, Why Negative Reviews are Allowed and the Increasing Use of Personalized Data. Wall Street Journal, pp. C. 1. -C. 1. http://search. proquest. com/docview/898391472? accountid=2837

Language Management Relative to Gender, Cultural Background, and Goals of Interaction

Language Management Relative to Gender, Cultural Background, and Goals of Interaction Introduction Language is a channel of communication that exists to ensure that men and women are able to talk to each other. It allows people to express their thoughts and feelings and to be understood. Without language, whether verbal or non verbal, it may be practically impossible for people to live and work together.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Language Management Relative to Gender, Cultural Background, and Goals of Interaction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A characteristic of language is the fact that it bonds individuals who have grown together and live within the same geographical area. In many ways, language is defined by the way of life of a group of people. Whereas some languages are almost universal others are very restricted and will only be spoken in a specific region or community. English for example, is one language that is used quite extensively in different parts of the world in education as w ell as in business matters. The importance of language can not be over emphasized and where people are not able to speak a language, they have the option of learning sign languages so as to be able to communicate. Some languages also have variations that may be spoken by an even smaller group of individuals in a subsection of a community. This paper examines language as it relates to gender, cultural background and the goal of interaction. Language and Gender According to Crawford (1995), we live and are linked to different sexes and the big question is always whether or not men and women across the globe use language differently. Although scientists have done enough studies to try and explain the differences, it is quite obvious that the way men communicate greatly differs from the way women convey their ideas and feelings (Crawford, 1995).Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unlike men, women are much deeper in their talks and most of the time it is never easy for men to easily understand them. Generally, it has been observed that quite a number of women are polite and somehow cautious in their talks than men are. This has led some people to classify women as being weak. Men on the other hand are the complete opposite and usually they are more aggressive in their communications (Crawford, 1995). To try and explain this phenomenon, Crawford argues that a majority of women are not good communicators mainly because they are often controlled by beliefs that do not allow them to effectively express themselves (Crawford, 1995). The differences that exist between men and women are seen as being deeply rooted within individuals and to a large extent they dictate thought and action. Some researchers have gone to an extent considering the talk between men and women as being very similar to cross cultural communication but this view is regarded as being incomplet e by other scholars who strongly believe that there is so much that must be put in perspective whenever one attempts to study gender and how far it affects culture and by extension, language (Crawford, 1995). Sex Differences in Language Crawford (1995) argues that the differences in sex are very critical in understanding the relationship that exists between gender and language usage. There are numerous studies that have been carried out by different scholars to try and establish the associations between language and sex. This is, however, complicated by the fact that it is never that easy for one to comprehend these differences. Apparently, they have been noted to fluctuate from time to and in most of the time, they are never neutral when looked at from a social perspective.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Language Management Relative to Gender, Cultural Background, and Goals of Interaction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The meanings given to sex difference are to a large extent negotiated from existing systems that are already biased and hence not quite reflective of the actual situation (Crawford, 1995). Crawford also explains that the whole idea about men and women being different becomes clearer when one reads books touching on gender topics also, when we get to watch talk shows facilitated by communication experts through televisions (Crawford, 1995). According to studies that have been done, gender related processes can greatly sway an individual’s behaviour, thought process and feelings (Crawford, 1995). Taking a community in Africa for example, and this also applies to other continents, one notes that children begin to learn the differences between members of the opposite sex from a very tender age mainly through the roles assigned to them and teachings they are subjected to. In a typical African set up, the boy child will be allocated certain tasks that are considered masculi ne in nature while the girl child automatically gets tasks that are more feminine. Boys and girls are also taught how to behave towards the opposite sex and in most cases girls and women in general are seen by most communities as second rate citizens. Shocking as it may be, some cultures will require women to always remain subordinate to men regardless of the status they hold in the society. Things they will do include kneeling or bending when addressing or serving men, remaining silent in various social functions where men are present, and carefully listening to men and following what they are told without questioning. Amazingly, most women seem to have given in and will therefore humbly obey the demands placed on them by the society.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In some communities, it is not uncommon to find boys being treated in a more special way than the girls; whilst boys are required by all to attend school, this is regarded as a privilege and not a right when it comes to girls. Most girls will be required to remain at home and assist their mothers with different chores as they wait to be married off to partners normally chosen for them. The saddest thing about this kind of unfair treatment for the girl child is that they end up growing in a very timid way and end up not being bold enough to express themselves. Clearly, as these girls move on to maturity, the way they will use language will completely differ from how boys will when they eventually become of age. Crawford (1995) pointed out that it is not right for anyone to presuppose that all women are the same just because they are women. There are obviously some exceptions that may be noted. This being the case therefore, some women will grow up with strong virtues but unfortunatel y a majority will be characterized by poor communication skills and in most cases, they will settle for less than what they are worth. Language and Culture Generally, culture is concerned with the way people live and is mostly responsible for strengthening the relationships that are noticeable among men and women in a community or a certain region. Among many other things, culture also governs people’s way of thinking, how they live, eat, dress or even relate to one another. Those who are controlled by the same culture will usually act based on some principles regarded as being acceptable within the community. The effect of language and culture may be seen in various areas of life. Here, I will look at how language and culture affect operations at the work place. Culture and Language at Workplaces For any organization to move forward there has to be unity among all employees. The vision and mission that guides the organization must be clearly communicated to everyone. Without effectively communicating to everyone and ensuring that all are on the same page, the desired growth of the organization may be hindered. A language that does not make this communication possible will simply put the organization at risk and most of the time the communication may not be sent out and received the way it should. Given that culture determines to a very large extent how language is used in talks, it follows that communication may suffer greatly because of cultures that do not help to create language that make communication easy. A study done by Howes (2011) showed that in so many ways, controls the behaviour of individuals; how people work and relate with one another is a product of their cultural background. Some cultures are so strong and the languages associated with them are equally very strict and this tends to complicate the entire process of communication (Howes, 2011). There are times that people turn to the use of a foreign language simply because it is not pos sible to get words they can use to effectively express themselves in their own language. English is one language that has offered solutions for many who are challenged in this manner. Howes (2011) cites Thai as an example of a language that is based on a very strong culture to the extent that it makes it quite difficult for people to relate with one another in various circumstances. A language that is so full of formalities and often without a means of communicating important matters to employees may only lead to a complicated work environment where ineffective communication could be blamed for poor performance (Howes, 2011). Considering that the demands of running businesses in the present world are so high, many people are forced to adjust to new cultures so as to cope with demands at work. This may subject different people to varying stress levels based on their cultural backgrounds as they seek to discover the best way to communicate with colleagues (Howes, 2011). English is con sidered to be a very flexible language and seems to be offering a way for people to act in line with modern business requirements. Unlike many other languages spoken across the world, English does not have so many formalities and makes it possible for people to communicate in a more direct manner. Language and Goal of Interaction Life has so many demands and more often than not people get to interact with the intention of achieving certain goals. Reasons for interaction may include things like learning, teaching, politics etc. According to Francis and Hester (2004), the society is characterized by numerous activities that define that in one way or another make life possible. At the centre all these is language which plays the important role of promoting healthy social interactions that eventually enable men and women to meet their social goals (Francis Hester, 2004). In this section, I will look at language as used in the education system and in activism. Language and Education Unl ike in the olden days when education was seen as a privilege, today it is a standard requirement for everyone. To stay abreast with the changes taking place globally, one should at least attend school as a basic requirement. It has become practically impossible for people to live and interact in the present world without some level of education. As people pursue education, they will often be compelled to learn certain languages so as to benefit from the education system. Even though some countries have tried to reinforce the use of local languages in some areas of their education systems, English has remained the favorite language and hence widely used in most schools as a medium of communication. Language and Activism There are times that people have had to come out strongly to champion a course and to be heard by the relevant authorities. Many times when this happens, it is done to get the government to respond to a problem that may be affecting the public or a group of people. Th e leaders of these activities are usually faced with a big task of rallying a huge group of aggrieved people who also want to be heard. To attract followers, the leaders must use language in a persuasive way so as to lure people to action. In this case, language is basically used to ensure that one has a group of followers wishing to be heard. Conclusion It is very clear that language extensively determines a number of things in our lives. The success of our social interactions is very much dependent on how effectively we are able to make use of language. It is, however, important to note that the way we learn and use language is controlled to a greater extent by our cultural backgrounds and gender. Based on culture and gender, individuals are bound to think and act in a certain way when interacting with others. Gender is further understood well by analyzing sex and the processes that are associated with it not only impact the way we relate but also contribute in deciding how social institutions are organized (Crawford, 1995). Finally, language is also a very useful tool when it comes to accomplishing different things and in most cases, people will use language with specific goals in mind. References Crawford, M. E. (1995). Talking difference: on gender and language. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Francis, D. Hester, S. (2004). An Invitation to Ethnomethodology: Language, Society, and Social Interaction. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Howes, P. (2011). The Impact of Culture on Language. China: Soft is Hard. Web.

How have certain specific societies or cultures tended to view the Essay

How have certain specific societies or cultures tended to view the individual person, his or her relationship to government, and the concept of individual freedom - Essay Example We can analyze these legacies and identify the most probable reasons why they have gone extinct through the ages. One strain of individual/state relation that has since left us is the truly God-centric view of the state and its justification. The Enlightenment, with its secularization of society, attempted to move the reasoning behind state power away from the dictates of an all-powerful creator, and move it to the realm of man. What is not so clear in our present age is how the individual related to the state in a time when God was indeed the central philosophic focus of all government and social power, when priests and religious men made all decisions under the watchful eye of God. One such society was that of Judah and Israel with the Hebrews upon their Exodus from the sands of Egypt. How was the individual seen then as opposed to now? In the Israelite society, government was seen as the intermediary between man and God, enforcing God’s will. Any governing force not acting on God’s will was portrayed as malicious and evil. Individuals, of course, serve the state as they serve God, for the state is a surrogate for divine power. 1 Maccabees, the deuterocanonical Jewish book, begins after Alexander the Great has conquered Judea and his empire has been split on his death. The entirety of the book encompasses the events after the suppression of Jewish rites in Judea, ordered by the Greek Seleucid Antiochus IV. Antiochus imposes his will on Jerusalem, extracting objects from the Jewish temple, slaughtering worshippers, and enforcing a tax and building a fortress in the city. To make matters worse, Antiochus smothers the observance of Jewish laws, desecrates the temple and forbids the practice of circumcision. Antiochus establishes an idol in place of the Jewish god, forcing members of the community to make sacrifices to it. This all comes in an attempt to reestablish the Hellenistic culture and, in some respects, the Greek polis in

Evidence-Based Practice Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Evidence-Based Practice Project - Research Paper Example The study found that the combination of blood glucose lowering and blood pressure medication slows the progression of microvascular complications. Similarly, the Turnbull (2009) meta-analysis study found that intensive glucose control leads to a reduced risk of major cardiovascular events, showing a reduction of 9% for major cardiovascular events. Advance Collaborative (2008) found that intensive blood glucose lowering with gliclazide and other drugs resulted in a reduced incidence of combined major macrovascular and microvascular events, as well as major microvascular events, because there also was a reduction of nephropathy. Still another study suggests that any kind of benefit attained by intensive lowering of blood glucose is lost after one year. The study conducted by Hollman et al. (2008) found that the patients who were assigned intensive glucose lowering were compared to patients who were assigned the standard treatment of dietary restriction. While the immediate results were that the intensive glucose lowering showed that the patients had a lower risk of microvascular complications then the patients with conventional dietary therapy, after one year, these advantages were lost. Introduction Patients with diabetes suffer from a variety of ailments. Among these ailments are microvascular and macrovascular diseases. Therefore, therapeutic intervention should be investigated to reduce the risks of a diabetic patient suffering from these ailments. One such intervention is aggressively lowering blood glucose levels through drugs such as glicazide. Therefore, this article will examine studies that are focused around the intervention of blood glucose lowering, and will examine whether this is an intervention that is positive for diabetic patients, with regards to lessening the risk of micro and macrovascular ailments. PICO Question In patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus (P), what is the effect of intensively lowering the blood glucose (I) as compared with s tandard treatment (C) on the incidence of major macro- and microvascular outcomes (O)? Clinical Question Selection Criteria Inclusion Criteria 1. Journals and studies featuring patients who are who are subjected to either intensive glucose lowering or standard treatment. 2. The participants in these studies had either a microvascular or macrovascular cardiac event. 3. The journals were either randomized trials or meta-analyses. 4. Were published in peer reviewed journals. 5. Were reported in English. Exclusion Criteria 1. Journals that reported on either type I diabetes, juvenile diabetes or gestational diabetes. 2. Qualitative studies. 3. Studies that focused upon patients who were under the age of 18. Search Process The process began by looking for studies that had, as their focus, type II diabetes, intensive glucose lowering therapy verses traditional therapy and micro and macrovascular outcomes. These peer-reviewed journals were ones that were written in English. The data bases that were used were Pubmed, Psychosocial Instruments, British Nursing Index, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Library, Psychosocial Instruments, Allied and Alternative Medicine and Sociofile. These databases were searched with the initial terms of type II diabetes, intensive glucose lowering therapy and micro and macrovascular cardiac. The articles were then narrowed down to studies that were randomized or studies which were

Explain the supervisors responsibilities for providing counsel to his Essay

Explain the supervisors responsibilities for providing counsel to his or her workers - Essay Example With the many cartels, the exposure to drugs is quite high and the program assists the employees that have fallen victim. A middle-sized law firm in Australia has introduced an employee assistance program that seeks to help workers with occupational stress. The organization has organized weekly picnics that seek to relief employees of work related stress. A small marketing company has introduced a health care employee assistance program where it caters for all the health expenses that an employee may have. Going through these employee assistance programs one gets to recognize that the larger the size of the company, the more complex the program involved is (Mannion, 2014). The program integrated in the small marketing company is not similar or as sophisticated as the one used in the multinational telecommunication organization. As the supervisor of this law firm, I recommend that you join the program where you get to enjoy picnics with other members of the organization and even with family members. I advise this because I find it necessary to relief stress at times. Handling clients is a very tasking responsibility and to earn the trust of a client it is vital to be sharp. Picnics will assist you feel rejuvenated and you will have better lawyer-client

The Oregon Trail Essay Example for Free

The Oregon Trail Essay The West as an Ideal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the 19th century, people migrated from Missouri to Oregon or to the Pacific Northwest of what is now known as the United States of America. Originally, the route covering Missouri all the way to Oregon was determined in order to provide a more convenient route for the fur trade, especially for establishing an overland supply route post right at the edge of the Columbia River.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Oregon Trail, stretching at about 2,170 miles, essentially commenced through a rough system of rutted traces spanning the breadth of land from the Mississippi River that was utilized by roughly 400,000 individuals. In more recent times, the Oregon Trail has been known as symbolic of the differences which separate American Indians from the whites who settled in the land. Back in 1840, only three states were recognized to exist at the western side of the Mississippi River inasmuch as Canadas boundary with Maine remained undefined during those days.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Nations boundary in the west was approximately situated in the Continental Divide, and within a decade Great Britain and the United States have created a boundary that spanned from the Pacific up to the Atlantic. After four decades, masses and masses of emigrants entirely diminished the concept of frontier which radically altered the lifestyle of the American Indians. It also threatened and ravaged numerous species of wild animals along the way, not to mention the buffalo herds. While barbed wires as well a plows dominated the prairies, long stretches of distances were eventually cut shorter by the transcontinental railroads.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During 1837 and 1841, both businessmen and farmers have grown frustration over the economic depressions which affected and sunk their livelihood. As the fur trade became increasingly troubled after the trade collapsed back in 1839, thoughts of the British dominating the Northwest Territory heightened. During those times, the American Indians in Oregon were seen by eastern churches as potential candidates for the thoughts of European civilization. Heading for Oregon as missionaries in 1836, Henry and Eliza Spalding as well as Marcus Whitman and his new wife gave an increasing publicity for Oregon in terms of its advantages and promising opportunities through the letters which they wrote and sent home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eventually, more and more people became increasingly interested in Oregon for a wide variety of reasons. In 1841, the very first group of people began to leave the Missouri River banks and proceeded west with the serious intention of emigrating. Almost two years after, almost a thousand emigrants completed the travel which signaled the many others who followed in the years to come. Hardships Faced   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like any other long distance journey, those who traversed the Oregon Trail would have to face challenges and hardships along the course of their path. Every part of the trail uniquely had its difficulties to be dealt with by the travelers. For the most part, the emigrants would have to face the challenge of loading and unloading their livestock so as to maintain the durability of their wagons. This they would have to do countless times until the trail is over. More importantly, the emigrants would have to spend some time fetching water and food for the animals they brought along with them. Otherwise, the animals would starve and probably die long before they reach the destination which will also affect the food supply determined by livestock and other animals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the emigrants would also have to adjust in terms of the way they deal with their fellow emigrants in order to maintain harmony throughout the journey and prevent disorder. They would have to determine and set rules that they have to abide along the journey as well as to arrange and break camp each morning and evening. They would have to take turns in terms of positioning in several columns so that lesser dust is raised and a minimal number of the travelers will choke from the air created.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowing that the most difficult part of the journey would be near the journeys end where crossing mountains prior to winter snows was a necessary imperative. Hence, the emigrants would have to set the journey and their pace in such a way that the time they travel will be during the time when grass was present almost everywhere along the trail so that the animals they brought would have sufficient food to feed on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Health hazards to the emigrants were a large hindrance during the journey. Cholera was one of the feared ailments that the emigrants would have to face, caused perhaps by the contaminated water they might have used. Since the 19th century was the time when medical advancements were yet to be discovered, cholera remained one of the most dangerous health hazards the emigrants feared. Small pox also claimed a number of the lives of those who journeyed the Oregon Trail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In financial terms, the emigrants would have to be financially ready to shoulder the tolls situated at ferries as well as bridges, including the prices for food and other supplies bought along the trading posts or from other travelling emigrants. The payments required for repairing the wagons and other vital tools also shared a considerable fraction of the emigrants finances during the travel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the prices for the food and water relatively vary than in contrast to ordinary circumstances. Since the supply for water is scarce and the demand considerably high during the journey, emigrants would have no choice but to purchase water at costs they are able to pay for, whether low or high, just to survive the travel. Perhaps the only times when the emigrants are able to purchase water at lower prices are whenever they reach a small town and whenever they found a source of potable water along the way. Reasons for Leaving   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thousands have already traveled across the trail and settled in Oregon by 1846. But why were these individuals willing to leave their homes and land, travel across thousands of miles with barely minimal food to eat and water to drink to a place where they have not been to yet? The answer to this question can be answered in three simple terms: these people were drawn towards the west because of the cheaper value of land where they can purchase and own more, the sense of patriotism, or perhaps the attractive promise of a more fulfilling life in Oregon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because Oregon was a region where very few people lived, the value of land was comparatively cheaper than in places were civilization is on the rise. People would take the journey just acquire more areas of land and start life anew. It was one of the risks they were willing to take all for the name of acquiring a better life and securing as well as sustaining the wealth of their families. As the civilization in Oregon sprawled and as transcontinental railroads were established, travelling became easier as the time covered for traveling was dramatically reduced. Access to Oregon became easier and the value of land eventually increased. The need to travel to Oregon because of cheaper land eventually diminished.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The relatively lower price of land back in the days essentially corresponded to a better life for the emigrants. Since Oregon was a newly formed state, acquiring land in the area was almost equivalent to acquiring a better life as compared to their former settlements. Given a larger land area to manipulate, emigrants who settled in Oregon and who were able to acquire land were given the opportunity to raise a higher number of livestock and other animals and cultivate a larger piece of land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The promise of a more fulfilling life in Oregon manifested itself in terms of the higher chance to raise animals and cultivate the land with plants which resulted to an increase in ownership and income. Trade and commerce in Oregon reached heights and settlers found themselves amidst an area fertile for purposes of trade and commerce. Eventually, news of this spread and people became more and more interested in leaving their homes and transferring to Oregon. What Awaited the Emigrants?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although there was no assurance of whatever it is that awaited the emigrants at the end of the journey, it became increasingly known that flocks of individuals were heading towards the west. This fever created a deeper sense of awe and increased the longing of individuals to obtain a better life even at a distant land more than 2,000 miles away. As the number of emigrants grew larger, people began to think of things becoming better that awaited them at the end of the trail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In effect, Oregon grew in many different ways. The population count boomed in less than a couple of decades more than the normal annual rate. As settlers continuously increased and poured into Oregon, the small towns in the new state were nearing the verge of transforming into cities. Log cabins were slowly replaced by frame houses as the land became more and more civilized in the years that went by. The great migration, in the end, only heightened the urge of the people to travel far and wide towards Oregon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Oregon grew at a rapid pace, news easily spread across neighboring areas giving the new state an increasing sense of popularity and presence in the minds of individuals. In the coming years, what awaited the emigrants has become less and less of what they expected. For the most part of the years to follow, new emigrants who settled in Oregon found themselves in the midst of a growing population where finding a place to settle in the heart of civilization in the new state was becoming scarce almost every year. The prospect of finding a place to stay at the center of commerce was diminishing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, it has been rare for settlers in the new state to return to their original homes once they were able to find a suitable place to stay in Oregon. With a few exceptions such as the case of Ezra Meeker, the settlers have very little reason to retrace the Oregon Trail and return home. The harsh conditions they may have encountered along the journey and the things they have fulfilled in Oregon might have discouraged them to gamble on traveling back to where they originated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In essence, the Oregon Trail used to be one of the most treacherous yet mostly taken the path by people gathering near the mouth of the Mississippi River. The prospect of a better life mostly fueled this desire to leave home and travel thousands of miles amidst hardships and hazards to their health and property. The reasons for leaving mostly centered on the promise of acquiring cheaper land where they can begin their lives anew and attain prosperity. References Fanselow, J. (2001). Traveling the Oregon Trail (Second ed.). Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon. Faragher, J. M. (2001). The Oregon Trail: A review. The Journal of American History, 88(2), 15. Parkman, F. (2002). The Oregon Trail (Dover Value ed.). Toronto, Canada: Dover Publications. Roberts, J. M. (1954). A Review On the Oregon Trail: Robert Stuarts Journey of Discovery by Kenneth A. Spaulding. American Anthropologist: New Series, 56(6), 2. Willingham, W. F. (1994). Review: Interpreting the Oregon Trail: Three New Perspectives. The Public Historian, 16(1), 3.